Barker, 32, had spent three years with the Millers and played a key role in the club's rise from League Two to Championship under former manager Ronnie Moore.
However, when debts reached £3m in November, 2004, Barker was allowed to leave along wit
h other popular players including Chris Sedgwick and Paul Warne.
His departure may have failed to stop the club from entering administration, but his return coincides with the club's recent exit from a third spell in administration.
"It has been well documented that the club has had its troubles in recent years, but the gaffer has told me about the new chairman's plans for the club and I am really looking forward to getting started again," he said. "It is often said that you should never go back, but I am going to give it a real go. I want to be more successful this time around from both a personal and a team perspective and I think that is a realistic possibility."
Barker has moved, initially on loan, from Hartlepool but the deal will become permanent in January. The Millers were docked 17 points at the start of the season for breaking the Football League's insolvency policy, but will pass zero today if they win.
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