Hell unleashed

No one, certainly no Westerner, can make sense of the tragic catastrophe in the Middle East, but Patrick Cockburn who has worked there, and in Chechnya and Afghanistan, as a journalist for a quarter of a century now, is a better guide than anyone else to 'the eight wars now being fought in Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa'. He has been there and reported and analysed the conflicts in Iraq and Syria and was one of the first to report on the rise of IS and to describe the nature of its horrific regime. This book is required reading for anyone who wants to try to understand the disaster. It should be compulsory reading for politicians, diplomats, defence chiefs and the academic think-tanks whose members make confident predictions, usually confounded by what follows. It consists partly of Cockburn's dispatches (mostly for the Independent and the London Review of Books), partly of subsequent reflections and analyses. He doesn't hesitate to say when and how he went wrong, but, read now, his immediate reporting was far more often right than wrong.

Patrick Cockburn, author of The Age of Jihad.

Almost everyone here now recognises the Iraq War as an act of folly. Yet it had widespread public support at the time. The swift and easy overthrow of Saddam Hussein and his Ba’ath regime seemed to justify it. So why did so much go so wrong so quickly? Why did the Bush administration have no plan for a post-war settlement? One reason, Cockburn points out, is the reliance on the opinions and assurances of exiled Iraqi groups. They should have been more sceptical. The exiled enemies of a regime are always given to wishful thinking and always exaggerate. Yet the same mistake was repeated over the Arab Spring and then over Libya.

There are too many actors with divergent aims in the Middle East, and no conflict is confined within a single state. The wars in Iraq, since the Allied invasion, and in Syria, since the Arab Spring, may be civil wars, but they are fomented and prolonged by the ambitions and interests of other States – the USA and Russia, Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia and by non-state actors, the Kurds and ISIS. “A cats’ cradle of conflicting interests stymies compromise.”

No solution anywhere is in sight, and none will emerge, not even when ISIS is subdued and dismantled, for, like the Hydra, a new head will sprout.

Cockburn describes the horror of ISIS in grisly detail, recounting for instance the story of a woman he calls Ayesha who escaped with her children when she realised that her husband, formerly an officer who had defected from the Iraqi army, had volunteered that she be trained as a suicide bomber.

“In an important sense,” Cockburn remarks, “I was wrong in 2011 to suggest that we were seeing a return to the turmoils of the 1960s” – when the Ba’athist dictatorships emerged from a period of prolonged struggle for power. “It was going to get a lot worse than that… Instead we are revisiting one of the most catastrophic features of the end of Ottoman rule [after the 1914-18 war] namely, the murder and migration of whole groups of people”.

His own conclusion is that “The demons released by this age of chaos and war in the Middle East have become an unstoppable force.” When he first went to Afghanistan, the Taliban “seemed like an exotic but temporary throwback with their treatment of women as chattels and their hatred of other Islamic sects.”

That was then. Now they have “turned out to be the harbingers of an embattled and violent future”. That future is now the present, a hell on Earth, starkly presented to us in this masterly and terrifying book.