Smart motorway map: where are all the smart motorways in the UK - and what are they?

How smart motorways work, where they are located and the penalties for ignoring their restrictions
More than 200 miles of England's motorways are smart motorwaysMore than 200 miles of England's motorways are smart motorways
More than 200 miles of England's motorways are smart motorways

Smart motorways have been in the news a lot in recent months.

The Government has ordered an urgent review into their roll-out and there have been calls to scrap their use entirely amid concerns over their safety.

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Recent investigations by the BBC found a five-fold increase in near-misses on a single stretch of the M25 and at least 38 deaths on parts of the smart motorway network in the last five years.

Data: Highways EnglandData: Highways England
Data: Highways England

Highways England has already halted the introduction of any more dynamic hard shoulder routes and recovery service the AA has banned its recovery crews from attending breakdowns on smart motorways over fears for their safety.

However, Highways England insists the routes are safer than regular motorways and are a cost-effective way of increasing capacity.

Where are the UK’s smart motorways?

Right now, there are nearly 50 sections of UK motorway classed as smart motorway by Highways England, with another eight under construction.

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They stretch from south of Maidstone to north of Manchester and cover more than 200 miles across 12 separate motorways.

Motorway Junctions
M1 J6a-10; J10-13; J16-13; J19-16;J23a-24; J24 - 25; J25-28; J28-31; J32-35a; J39-42; J31-32
M3 J2-4a;
M4 J3-12; J19-20
M5 J4a-6; J15-17
M6 J2-4; J4-5; J5-8; J8-10a; J10a-11a J10a-13; J13-15; J16-19
M20 J3-5; J4-5; J5-7
M23 J8-10
M25

J2-3; J5-6/7; J7-10; J10-16; J16-23;

J23-27; J27-30

M27 J4-11
M42 J3a-7; J7-9
M60 J8-18
M62

J10-12; J18-20; J25-26; J25-30; J28-29

What is a smart motorway?

Smart motorways are designed to ease UK motorway congestion by permitting cars to be driven on the hard shoulder at least some of the time, with traffic being monitored via cameras and ‘active’ speed signs which can vary the limit.

The idea is that smart motorways effectively add 33 per cent to motorway capacity for much less than it would cost in both financial and environmental terms to add a physical extra lane. But their safety has been questioned and many drivers are confused by the rules around them.

The types of smart motorway

The three types of smart motorway currently in use are:

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Controlled motorway: variable speed limits monitored via a regional traffic centre. You’re only allowed to use the hard shoulder in an emergency, for example a breakdown.

Hard shoulder running: vehicles can use the hard shoulder at peak times to ease congestion. The traffic control centre will put a speed-limit sign on the gantries above the shoulder to indicate it’s in use, and a red X above it when it isn’t. If you use a hard shoulder below a red X you’re liable to be fined. Emergency refuge areas (ERAs) are positioned at intervals for vehicle breakdowns.

All lane running: on these motorway stretches, the hard shoulder works as a normal lane all the time. Again, there are ERAs at regular intervals. The hard shoulder lane may be closed if there’s an incident. If this is the case a red X will be displayed above it on gantries

Smart motorway fines

Smart motorways are just like any other road in that ignoring the rules of the road - including speed limits - will see you fined and possibly given penalty points.

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All smart motorways are monitored by cameras to track traffic incidents and enforce speed limits, including variable ones displayed on the overhead gantries.

Breaking the variable limit will see you handed a speeding fine but the cameras also operate even when variable limits are not in place. That means if there’s no limit displayed on a gantry you will still be fined if you exceed the national speed limit.

Highways England says: "If no special speed limit is displayed then the national speed limit applies.

"Speed cameras are in operation on smart motorways. If you don’t keep to the speed limit, you may receive a fine."

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You can also be fined for ignoring the red X lane closed signs. Previously this was enforced on the spot by police but since last year it has been done by overhead cameras which automatically issue tickets.

Emergency refuge areas (ERAs)

The history of the frequency of ERAs on smart motorways has been controversial. Early SMs had them every 500-800 metres, but in 2013 the Department for Transport decided that all new schemes would be of the ‘all lanes running’ type and that there could be as much as 1.5 miles between ERAs.

Emergency services and breakdown rescue providers were uneasy about this from a safety perspective, both for road users and for their own staff. In an RAC survey, 84 per cent of drivers thought that the hard shoulder was important in breakdowns and accidents, and 82 per cent warned that they would feel “very concerned” in the event of a lane-one breakdown on an ‘all lanes running’ section.

The ability of emergency services to reach accident scenes has been impacted by the effective removal of the hard shoulder to drive along. The strategy devised to get around this was to close the other side of the motorway and get to the accident that way.

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At the start of 2018, Highways England said that that the distance between ERAs would be cut to one mile wherever possible, and that they would be painted orange to enhance their visibility.

Key rules to obey

ERAs on a smart motorway are strictly only for emergencies. Once you’re stationary in one, you must wait for permission from the authorities before pulling back onto the motorway.

Driving in a motorway lane with a red X on the gantry above it is an offence. Since the roll-out of camera enforcement, fixed penalty notices of £100 and three points have become the norm.